The book provides a critical analysis of the theoretical direction in archaeological science in the USA and Great Britain, called “New Archaeology”. The manuscript of the book formed the basis of a special course given by the author at Leningrad University in 1975-78. and at Novosibirsk University in 1977. These special courses and their perception by young scientists allowed the author to finalize the book by 1978. The book is intended for archaeologists, ethnographers, philosophers, cultural historians and anyone interested in the history of the development of historical sciences in the USA and Great Britain.