The sixteenth issue from the scientific series “Conceptual Research” is a textbook developed for courses for undergraduates “Language Foundations of Russian Mentality” and “Russian Language in Conceptual Understanding”. It includes: theoretical chapters, questions for discussion, abstract topics, practical assignments, lists of literature on topics. The manual is intended for undergraduates of philological faculties of universities studying in the direction 031000.68 “Philology”, as well as for undergraduates, graduate students, and teachers. Compiled in accordance with the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard.