During the Enlightenment, it was believed that science developed independently, regardless of the cultural environment. But the study of the history of science has shown that the relationship between science and culture is more complex. When formulating hypotheses, scientists are guided not only by scientific facts, but also by various ideas floating in the air of the era. Culture, religion and even politics influence the development of science. Most of the scientists in the school physics textbook were not atheists. Copernicus and Pascal, Galileo and Kepler remained deeply religious Christians. And at the same time, their worldview differed from the views of their contemporaries, both scientifically and religiously. This difference led to conflicts, the most famous of which was the Galileo affair. But these conflicts are much deeper than the “war of science with theology.” This book is dedicated to the history of the development of modern science within European culture: from the emergence of the phenomenon of Greek philosophy to the creation of modern science in the 17th century.