The manual is written in accordance with the requirements of the state educational standard and covers all the necessary program topics. The book is aimed at creating in students a holistic understanding of culture (material and spiritual), its essence, place and role in human society, and the patterns of its development. Particular attention is paid to the cultural significance of art, philosophy and religion. The reasons for the formation of many cultures are analyzed. Each chapter is accompanied by questions for repetition and a list of necessary literature. A dictionary of terms and a list of personalities are provided. For students, graduate students and university teachers.