The textbook presents the course “Concepts of modern natural science,” recently introduced into the teaching system in higher education. It examines the specifics of natural scientific knowledge, its role in the development of culture, and talks about the main ideas of modern science and the main theories of the 20th century. In addition to the lecture course, at the end of each section there are questions for review and exercises designed to facilitate the assimilation of natural science material that is difficult for humanities students. This publication has been revised in accordance with the latest advances in science. For students of higher educational institutions. It will be useful to everyone interested in the concepts of modern natural science.