Despite the fact that in all centuries children were cared for, fed, treated, instilled in virtues and taught them to read and write, the humanities for a long time showed little interest in children and childhood. A variety of societies in various historical eras, for the most part, saw the child primarily as “raw material” and actively “molded” him into a future adult. The peculiarities of a small person, his relationship with the world, childhood as a valuable stage in a person’s life, and even more so childhood as a special sphere of sociocultural space - all this was simply not noticed. The presented collection of essays does not in any way pretend to be a consistent presentation of the anthropology of childhood. Rather, it is a space of possibilities for studying childhood in the key of ethnography, psychology, history, folklore, pedagogy, and together all these directions sometimes give a new vision of eternal themes.