The book presents the results of 30 years of research into the behavior of free-ranging cattle in conditions similar to those in which the wild ancestor of Bos primigenius lived. The repertoire of behavior characteristic of the species is described. An overview of world achievements in the study of cattle behavior is given. The history of the domestication of cattle is presented and an analysis of the relationship between these animals and humans is given. Observations of the adaptation of livestock to the harsh conditions of the North and a review of the ecology and behavior of feral populations allow us to assess the possibilities of adaptation of livestock to extreme conditions. The book will be useful for animal scientists, professors and students studying the ecology, ethology and physiology of cattle, as well as for a few researchers working in Russia on the behavior of this most important domestic animal for humans.