In the book offered to the attention of readers by the famous Russian researcher, professor of RUDN University M.M. Al-Janabi reveals the fundamental aspects of Islam: its origin, the origins of cultural identity, the relationship of Muslims with peoples who profess other religions, as well as the place of Islam in the modern social and political life of mankind. The author conducts a deep analysis of the ideas of the largest Muslim thinkers of the past and present, demonstrating the progressive development of Islamic philosophy from the early Middle Ages to the present day. The concept of Islamocentrism in the modern world and the problem of "political Islam" are considered separately.