The textbook outlines the main philosophical problems and ways to solve them at the modern level. The main philosophical directions are considered; philosophical, religious and scientific pictures of the world; development of civilizations, cultures, problems and prospects of modern civilization; humanity and global problems. The textbook is written in accordance with the program of the State Educational Standard for Higher Professional Education, and contains sets of test tasks and exercises for the development of independent thinking. The author of the book is Doctor of Philosophy, professor, full member of the Academy of Social Sciences of the Russian Federation.