Arnold Toynbee (1889–1975) was an English philosopher, cultural scientist and sociologist. He created the theory of "challenge and response" - a pattern that, in his opinion, determines the development of civilization. Samuel Huntington (1927–2008) was an American philosopher, sociologist, and political scientist. He argued that every civilization sees itself as the center of the world and represents the history of mankind according to this understanding. There is constant confrontation between civilizations and conflicts often arise. The outcome of such a struggle depends on how well a given civilization “corresponds” to the existing world order. This book contains the most significant works of A. Toynbee and S. Huntington, which allow us to understand the essence of their philosophy, the similarities and differences in views. Particular attention is paid to Russian civilization, its differences from the Western one, points of contact and conflicts between the Russian and Western worlds.