This book by the famous German philosopher, anthropologist and sociologist (1871–1907) is one of the best classic works on racial theory. Written 100 years ago in a lively, intelligible language, it is still relevant today, because it raises important questions. Because of Lenin's personal hostility, Woltmann's name was erased from Russian culture, in which German intellectuals sometimes found their realization earlier than in their homeland. This publication, in the conditions of a new, truly democratic Russia, corrects this annoying gap. The book is intended for anthropologists, historians, political scientists, psychologists, scientists of other fields, students, young people, as well as for family reading.