What is “anthropology” as a research discipline and as a specific field of intellectual activity? The paradox of its development is that there are no two countries in which the answer to this question would sound the same. And yet, this is a single field of knowledge with established boundaries and established styles of intellectual work. What are the specifics, similarities and dissimilarities of the latter in different countries? Reputable anthropologists in the USA, Great Britain, Germany, France and other countries talk about the scientific “incarnations” of anthropology in their societies. The collection is addressed to ethnologists, anthropologists, cultural scientists, historians of science and everyone interested in the current state of humanities.