At present, the methodological problems of cognition are becoming more and more obvious, and more and more actively attempts are being made to develop new principles for understanding reality and structuring its objects. Why are new approaches to cognition and organization of knowledge in demand today? How is the theory of knowledge related to new social practices? How do new social practices change the content of common sense? What do the well-known concepts of freedom, democracy and progress really mean? Postmodernists and the authors of this book are trying to find answers to these and many other questions.The book is mainly written in a generally understandable language and contains many interesting facts that allow a fresh look at modern science and social life. For a wide range of readers, both professional and non-professional.