The textbook is devoted to fundamental research in the field of the natural organization of the psyche, related to the study of the secrets of mental phenomena, the creation of a conceptual “bridge” between the brain and consciousness. The main issues discussed in the monograph are the relationship between the mental and nervous, internal and external, ideal and material. The original concept of psychology as a system covers the analysis of mental phenomena from tactile sensations to mental and emotional processes. Among the issues discussed are the unique role of the tactile-kinesthetic modality in image formation, analysis of the hierarchy of mental processes (thinking, memory, attention, emotions, will, etc.) and their empirical characteristics, historical and philosophical analysis of the main psychological approaches to the study of the nature of the psyche. The book is intended for psychologists students of psychological, pedagogical and philosophical faculties of universities, humanities specialists interested in problems of understanding the nature of the human soul.