The outstanding Russian philosopher M.K. Petrov (1923–1986) was the founder of scientific studies in Russia, the creator of a philosophical school in Rostov-on-Don, and an analyst of problems of culture and science. The book dedicated to him involves his friends, colleagues and students. Some of them continue the methodology of M.K. Petrov, others develop themes and problems based on modern material, and others try to critically comprehend his work. The most important issues include the problems of the beginning of philosophy, philosophy of language, philosophical anthropology, education. The book is intended for philosophers, scientists, historians of science and students of the humanities.