The monograph, for the first time in Russian historiography, provides a comprehensive analysis of Polish emigration - a striking phenomenon and an important factor in the social life of Europe in the 1830s-1860s. The book traces the ideological and organizational formation of Polish political emigration and its evolution at different stages of European history in the mid-19th century. The programmatic guidelines of emigrant organizations in the field of strategy and tactics of the Polish and European liberation movements are analyzed. The ideological and political struggle within the Polish emigration that took place on this basis is shown. The active participation of Polish emigrants in social and revolutionary movements in Poland and in Europe, their attitude to the most important events in the history of European peoples is presented. The book reflects the role of Polish political emigration in the preparation of the 1863 uprising in the Kingdom of Poland and examines the problem of the Russian-Polish revolutionary alliance associated with the uprising.