The book is dedicated to the Tocharians, one of the most mysterious peoples of Eurasia, whose language was preserved in written monuments found in Xinjiang (PRC). It is difficult to imagine that just 1000 years ago such an archaic language existed in Central Asia, preserving relict forms of the Indo-European basis. Naturally, the archaeological culture that was characteristic of the Tocharians and their distant ancestors for thousands of years was no less (if not more) conservative. Analysis of Central Asian archaeological materials and their, to some extent, new reading make it possible to understand and explain the very fact of the appearance of speakers of Tocharian languages in the depths of Central Asia, as well as their surprisingly multifaceted and diverse connections with the languages of the Indo-European and other families. Table of contents: Introduction Tocharian languages and " Tocharian problem"History of the study and linguistic analysis of the Tocharian languages. Archaeological aspect of the "Tocharian problem". Archeology of Xinjiang (brief overview). Cultural and historical regions of Central Asia according to archeology: origin and interaction Mesolithic. Neolithic. Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age. Late Bronze Age and early iron. Historical period (VI century BC - XII century AD). Tocharians and the Indo-European problem. Conclusion