Sport did not begin with the revived Olympic Games. And it’s certainly not limited to what’s shown on sports TV channels. Throughout history, people have played and competed in some way. Unique, authentic and at the same time similar competitions of antiquity continue to arouse interest in our time; it is they that are preserved as an ethnosport. The book presents the conclusions of longitudinal studies conducted during experiments on the implementation of the theory of ethnosport. The evolution of meanings, concepts and definitions of sports science is correlated with the practice of commodification of traditional games and competitions. The titles of the chapters are given in accordance with the guidelines for compiling a “user’s manual” to facilitate the perception of the extensive scientific research material. The book is addressed to specialists in the field of cultural heritage and sports.