The book covers all sections related to behavior from an evolutionary perspective: ethology, neurophysiology, theories of learning and motivation. The methodological role of genetics and the theory of evolution in the study of behavior is shown. The relationship between behavior and cognitive processes, problems of the psyche, consciousness, memory are considered. Integration of data from behavioral sciences is a pressing problem of modern education. The manual makes an attempt at such integration, which allows us to consider the sections included in the curricula of different directions. The presented material can be used by students of biological, psychological, and pedagogical faculties when studying courses in ethology, zoopsychology, developmental psychology, physiology of higher nervous activity, neurophysiology, and psychophysiology. The absence of excessive detail makes the book accessible to students of humanities universities. The manual is also of interest to scientists involved in issues of human nature.