This publication completes the study of the Lithuanian-Polish period in national history, begun by A. Rechkalov in the first book “Rus - the path to Ukraine”. The reign of the rulers of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland, Sigismund I and Sigismund II Augustus, is considered by the author in close connection with events in the Crimean Khanate, the Kingdom of Hungary, Livonia and Muscovy. The famous battle of Orsha, the activities of Queen Vona and the border elders P. Lyantskoronsky, O. Dashkovich, V. Pretvich, the further strengthening of the Ukrainian Cossacks and countering the Crimean-Turkish threat, events from the personal life of the Lithuanian-Polish monarchs of that time, the fate of new representatives of the dynasty of princes Ostrozhsky and Dmitry Baida-Vishnevetsky are shown against the backdrop of the Reformation and social renewal processes unfolding in Europe. Much attention is also paid in the book to the first stage of the Livonian War, the struggle of Lithuania and Muscovy for the Polotsk region, the Union of Lublin of 1569 and the creation of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The book is addressed to everyone who is not indifferent to the historical past of the Ukrainian people.