The monograph by A. Koryakovtsev and S. Viskunov is devoted to the development of the concept of “internal” criticism of Marxism. Introducing the concept of rationalistic polyphony and building on it, the authors take the reader on a long and fascinating journey through the history of philosophical thought. They reveal the prerequisites and process of maturation of dialectical-materialist thinking, the methodological revolution that Marx and Engels made, relying on the teachings of Hegel and Feuerbach. In the process of this research, it becomes clear not only from what theoretical “bricks” the edifice of Marxist philosophy is built, but also reveals where and why it remains unfinished, opening up a considerable and fascinating “front of work” for our contemporary people. The monograph ends with a sketch of the original theory of the industrialized society of the veto in the Soviet and “Western” versions. The book is addressed to professional philosophers, sociologists, political scientists and historians, as well as anyone interested in Western European philosophy and the theory of modern society.