In his book, Pierre-André Tagieff, a famous modern French philosopher, political scientist and historian, critically analyzes and debunks the concepts of a racist world order that claim to be scientific, the cornerstone of which is the so-called “race struggle.” The author identifies four types of racist “thought” that existed in France in the 19th and early 20th centuries: pessimistic racism, which formed the basis of the decadent philosophy of history (Arthur de Gobineau); evolutionary racism and social Darwinism (Gustave Le Bon), ethnoracial nationalism, inseparable from contemporary political anti-Semitism (Edouard Drumont, Jules Suri and Maurice Barrès); eugenic racism of a “socialist” orientation (Georges Vacher de Lapouge).