The book contains materials from an international conference organized at the Faculty of Liberal Arts and Sciences of St. Petersburg State University in December 2015 to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the outstanding French writer, critic, and cultural theorist Roland Barthes (1915–1980), whose work is well known to the Russian reader. Today, several decades after his death, it is time to re-evaluate the significance and applicability of his legacy for modern culture: what can we do in it today, based on Barth's ideas? Researchers from France, Russia, Belgium, Switzerland, and Germany took part in the conference. Articles by foreign authors are published in Russian translation. The book is intended for students and specialists in aesthetics, philosophy, literary theory, and the history of French culture of the twentieth century.