With this publication we continue the series “To help students”, which includes the best lecture notes on disciplines studied in humanities universities. The material is brought in accordance with the curriculum of the course “Philosophy”. Using this book when preparing and passing the exam, students will be able to systematize and concretize the knowledge acquired in the process of studying this discipline in an extremely short time. The publication contains the basic concepts of the course, their characteristics and features. This book is not an alternative to textbooks for obtaining fundamental knowledge, but serves as a guide for successfully passing exams.