The monograph briefly outlines the fundamentals of the synergetic methodology for studying systems and processes. The methodology is based on the works of the authors, as well as participants in the Seminar “Synergetics and Methods of Science” of the St. Petersburg Union of Scientists (SPbSU) and employees of the Research Center “Synergetics” of SPbSU, as well as on the works of other Russian and foreign scientists. Currently, the developed methodology is used in the study of such complex self-organizing systems as the Internet, Man, Human society.