The foundations of geoecological knowledge are outlined, the importance of an interdisciplinary scientific direction that studies interconnected geospheres in their close integration with the social sphere is shown. The natural and socio-economic consequences of changes in geospheres under the influence of the anthropogenic factor are covered. Natural and socio-economic factors of the ecosphere, problems of global changes, geo-ecological problems of the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere are considered. Geoecological aspects of natural-technogenic systems are given. From a geoecological perspective, the current state and stability of the biosphere are assessed. For students of higher educational institutions studying in environmental specialties.