Semester course on the history of early antiquity (before the execution of Socrates) science. The emergence of the beginnings of natural and humanistic disciplines is described, in their connection with the history of Mediterranean culture. An attempt has been made to find out how pre-scientific knowledge (that came down to us in cults, myths and poetry) was transformed into scientific knowledge and what science itself was then. Archaeological finds (including texts) that have entered scientific circulation in the last hundred years, as well as the new reading of the classical works of Antiquity by historians of the 20th century literally upended many of our ideas about early ancient history, but this revolution almost did not affect the usual presentation of the history of science.