This edition presents four books of the treatise “On the Teachings of Hippocrates and Plato” by Galen, an outstanding Roman physician and philosopher of the 2nd–3rd centuries, the creator of a theoretical and practical system that became the basis for the development of medicine and natural science in general until the scientific revolutions of the 17th–3rd centuries. 19th century The published translations are provided with an extensive introductory article, notes and bibliography, which examine Galen's main ideas from the perspective of interdisciplinary analysis. The methodology proposed in the publication allows us to show the mutual influence of natural philosophy and medicine. The presented essay is a typical example of the connection between Galen’s general theoretical, natural philosophical views and his practical activities as a doctor. The published work is a demonstration of excellent mastery of the empirical method and the skills of synthetic thinking, built on the principles of rational medicine. All this allows us to comprehensively comprehend the historical significance of Galen’s works.