Fundamental work by the famous French historian of Russian origin, Professor Lev Polyakov, author of numerous works on the history of the Holocaust and anti-Semitism. The two-volume monograph is devoted to the history of anti-Semitism from ancient times to the mid-20th century and examines in detail the history of relations between Jews and surrounding peoples, analyzing the roots of xenophobia and the catastrophes caused by it. The object of the author’s research is the clashes and mutual influence of cultures over two millennia.