The advent of anesthesia, antiseptics and aseptics prepared the foundation for the development of surgery. And as soon as in the 80s. XIX century It became possible to talk about its strength, as soon as infections ceased to inspire fear, which they inspired centuries before, surgeons gained access to all corners of the human body. Surgery has begun the fight to fill the “blank spots” in human physiology. The liver, heart, lungs, thyroid gland, the brain full of mysteries, the spinal cord and the peripheral nervous system, completely unexplored before - the surgical scalpel penetrated into new and new limits of the human body, previously inaccessible to it. This marked the beginning of an international rivalry that brought together surgeons from all parts of the world. This publication is the second part of the “History of Surgery” dilogy, which also includes the book “The Age of Surgeons”. These books are rightfully considered classics in the history of medicine and have earned Jürgen Thorwald popularity all over the world.