This work raises two interrelated questions. The first concerns historical consciousness, which today seems to be seriously lacking in unity. The disagreements concern what characterizes our century in comparison with others: the unprecedented scale of destruction of people by people, which became possible only due to the seizure of power by communism of the Leninist type and Nazism of the Hitlerite type. The second question concerns the Holocaust. It is easier to state than to explain the fact that the question of the Holocaust haunts not only the historical memory of the century as a whole, but also - specifically - the relationship or comparison between the memory of communism and the memory of Nazism.