The book, dedicated to the modeling of nervous systems, provides possible answers to the following questions: how should the nervous system be structured from a logical and rational point of view? Is it possible to reproduce the path of “designer thought” that Nature went through when designing nervous systems? what is a neuron and how does it work? Methods for constructing adaptive control systems based on empirical knowledge, or dynamic optimization systems, are considered. Prototypes of some application systems built using the proposed method are presented. For researchers, graduate students and students interested in cybernetics; for control systems specialists, biologists and mathematicians.