The history of polyanthropological teachings is systematically outlined, the main modern schools and trends in this area are analyzed. The sociobiological and cultural foundations of power, forms of social stratification and mobility are examined. The structure of power and the evolution of leadership in different types of societies are examined. Much attention is paid to the phenomenon of the state, the reasons for its emergence, the paths of politogenesis, the types and forms of statehood. It differs from the 1st edition (Ladomir, 2001) in its in-depth analysis of modern processes of modernization of political institutions in post-traditional societies, including the CIS countries. Methodological aspects have been strengthened. For students of higher educational institutions studying in the specialties of Political Science and Social Anthropology. Can be used in the educational process in a wide range of specialties and areas for in-depth training of masters in the field of political science. Of interest to scientists and specialists in the field of political science, cultural studies, sociology, anthropology and other social and humanitarian disciplines.