The textbook presents in-depth presentation of the main topics of the lecture course “History and Methodology of Chemistry”. The authors examine the evolution of chemical knowledge from ancient times to the present day. The second volume of the manual is devoted to the analysis of the most significant discoveries and innovations in the field of theoretical and applied chemistry, which are so rich in the modern period of its history. In creating a historical picture of the formation of the most important disciplines: physical chemistry and analytical chemistry, as well as fundamental concepts - the doctrine of the complex structure of the atom and the theory of chemical bonds - a predominantly logical approach was used. One of the central themes of the second volume is the analysis of the history of the discovery of the Periodic Law by D.I. Mendeleev. The authors considered it necessary to present a detailed picture of the development of chemistry in Russia, while identifying the special role played by M.V. Lomonosov in the evolution of domestic science and education. The publication contains a large number of illustrations that contribute to a more visual reconstruction of the events described, as well as brief biographical information of the most prominent chemists. For teachers, students and graduate students of chemical departments of classical universities, as well as for a wide range of readers, those interested in problems of the history of chemistry.