The reader it is offered to fundamental research of the prominent Russian arabist, philosopher and historian Arthur Vladimirovich Сагадеева (1931-1996). This work became the result of long-term authorial researches in area of medieval Arabic philosophy (фалсафат). Before a reader the многоплановая, clearly gone into detail picture of co-operation of different cultures of Mediterranean and Near east is opened - Arabic, Iranian, by hellenism, древневосточных cultures. An islam was able to unite all these cultures, not destroying their originality. He opened wide possibilities not only for the actually religious speculative philosophizing but also for the rationalistic philosophy presented foremost by the names of ал-Кинди, ал-Фараби, Ибн Сины, Ибн Рушда and other less known authors. Exactly this direction perceived huge heritage ancient Greek philosophy and science, enriched and deepened them, transformed in the conditions of new epoch, radically different not only from Antiquity but also from modern to her западноевропейской and Byzantine traditions.