Soviet mathematician M.M. In 1960, Argest published an article “Cosmonauts of Antiquity,” which was published in the authoritative almanac “On Land and Sea.” Having substantiated the possibility of multiple visits to the Earth by messengers from other worlds, the scientist called for a search for relevant evidence in myths, legends, written records and material culture. He drew attention to a number of facts relating mainly to the Middle East and neighboring regions. In May 1963, the American astrophysicist Carl Sagan touched upon the same topic, and the impetus for him was precisely the Agreste hypothesis, which became widely known abroad. Sagan said that the culture that originated on Earth could also be the object of direct observation by aliens. With his articles M.M. Agreste and K. Sagan made a “bid” for the formation of another research direction in science. This direction is called fantastic archeology.