For thousands of years, on the “land between two rivers” - the Tigris and Euphrates - various nationalities coexisted or replaced each other. The historical significance of Mesopotamia as the “cradle of humanity” is difficult to overestimate, because it was here that agriculture, animal husbandry originated, and writing arose, which brought world civilization to a new level of development. Despite numerous studies carried out in this area, some historical topics remain unsolved. The book examines the main stages and most striking aspects of the formation of Mesopotamia, and provides many answers to controversial questions that have until now remained a mystery of history.