Maxwell's scientific revolution
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The methodological model of theory change described by the author in previous publications is applied to the Maxwellian scientific revolution. It is shown that the genesis of Maxwellian electrodynamics can be considered as a natural result of the coordination of “old” research programs related to pre-Maxwellian physics: Ampere-Weber electrodynamics, Young-Fresnel wave theory of light and the Faraday program. The “neutral language” constructed by Maxwell to objectively compare the conclusions of theories from the programs encountered and establish connections between them was continuum mechanics with its set of various analog models - from tubes with incompressible fluid to molecular vortices. The result of the interaction of the encountered programs, which became possible after the creation of this “language,” was the creation of a hierarchy of hybrid objects - from the so-called. "bias current" to conventional hybrid theoretical circuits. The interpenetration of pre-Maxwellian research programs that followed the construction of the bias current laid the foundation for the consistent unification of theoretical schemes of optics, electricity and magnetism. Maxwell's program surpassed the Ampere-Weber program because it assimilated a number of provisions of its solid core, combining them with a number of ideas from Faraday and the optics of Young and Fresnel. It is argued that the key element of the Maxwellian strategy for synthesizing the theories of optics, electricity and magnetism considered in this way were the ideas of Kantian epistemology. This allowed Maxwell to create his original unification methodology, develop and launch his own meta-program for the synthesis of continental and British research traditions of considering electromagnetic phenomena. The nature of Kantian philosophy made it possible to put forward as a unifying principle an idea that, unlike the Ampère-Weber program, was not of a “wooden” ontological nature, but of a flexible, Kantian, anti-natural philosophy, emphatically epistemological nature. For Maxwell, the final “first brick” of physical reality was not the ether, from which both fields and charges had to be carefully constructed, and not direct “action at a distance.” And this action, and the “incompressible fluid”, and “vortices in the ether” were for him only model representations, at best capable of only “guiding” (inductio) to the correct mathematical relationships. The genesis of Maxwellian electrodynamics was harmoniously integrated by its creator into the general process of deontologization, which began in modern times with the rejection of Aristotelian ontology. The creative use of Maxwell's methodology allowed Hermann Helmholtz and his student Heinrich Hertz to arrive at a version of Maxwell's theory that served as a heuristic guide for the discovery of radio waves.
Data sheet
- Name of the Author
- Ринат Нугаев Магдиевич
- Language
- Russian