In the 20s, a large-scale discussion took place in our country about the significance of Marxism for psychology, about the possibility and necessity of building a special science - Marxist psychology. The basis of this controversy was the discussion between K.N. Kornilov and G.I. Chelpanov. The work presents the results of a historical and scientific reconstruction of this discussion, showing its prerequisites, conditions, content and dynamics. Much attention is paid to the historiography of the problem. The book is intended for psychologists and philosophers, specialists in the field of history of science, and for anyone interested in the problems of the history of Russian psychology.