The book examines the history of the economy and economic policy of Russia and the USSR in the first third of the 20th century. One of the features of the analysis is to show the integrity of this period and even the continuity of economic decisions of successive governments of Russia (tsarist, provisional, Bolshevik). A special issue is the search by different governments for measures to bring the country out of the socio-economic crisis, both crisis and political The struggle around it is in many ways similar to the modern situation. This approach allows us to better navigate the modern struggle of economic concepts and programs.