The book "Politics of the Athenians and the Lacedaemonians" (The Polity of the Athenians and the Lacedaemonians) was written by the outstanding ancient Greek philosopher and writer Xenophon. In this work, the author examines the political systems of two powerful city-states — Athens and Lacedaemon. Xenophon analyzes in detail the organization of power, laws, customs and political processes of each of these states, trying to identify the strengths and weaknesses of their governance. The author compares the political models of Athens and Lacedaemon, trying to find out which one is more effective and sustainable. In addition, Xenophon draws attention to important aspects of public life, such as education, military training, and moral values, which affect the state order and the overall success of the state. "Athenian and Lacedaemonian Politics" is a valuable source for the study of political theory and history of ancient Greece. Xenophon helps the reader better understand the principles and mechanisms of the functioning of the state in the ancient world, opening a unique perspective on the political realities of that time.